When speaking about graphene, we need to first mention the natural mineral graphite that is widely present in our life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are set up layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the exact same layer “hold hands” and are very closely linked, yet the mix of carbon atoms in between different layers is loose, like a pile of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will certainly glide apart.
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From the point of view of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer kind covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to 3 other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms create a routine hexagonal ring on the same airplane, extending to develop a sheet framework.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, then graphene is among the cards in this pile of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite consists of concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to peel off a solitary layer structure.
More than two decades back, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there have to be a way to acquire a single layer of graphite.
How can a solitary layer of graphite be removed? Scientists took a really “simple and unrefined” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Just like when we compose a typo theoretically, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, scientists frankly connect that if tape can stick to the surface area of paper, can it also stick to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided into two. Although the thickness of graphite currently is still far from that of a single layer of graphite, researchers have actually validated the feasibility of this approach – each time the tape is used, the graphite ends up being thinner. By insisting on utilizing this “mechanical peeling technique” to repeat the procedure, they lastly obtained a thin sheet containing only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nonetheless, this approach of repeatedly scrubing graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has low manufacturing performance and can only be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the improvement of clinical and technical degrees, the preparation method of graphene has additionally made wonderful progress. At present, in addition to this standard physical and mechanical peeling technique, there are additionally numerous methods for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent peeling approach, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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